2010 residency match season is almost over already. I agree with Bossa Nova (above) that you will hear different opinions. My take is to start contacting program directors and attendings of the programs you are interested in, and gauge out how much they might be interested in you. If you can schedule a format visit to the place and may be do some brief rotation before 2011 match season start, it might be very helpful. I know a couple of IMGs who did pre-residency fellowships and/or surg-prelims before their neurosurgery residency, but that doesn’t mean you also have to take the same path. I couldn’t get quite what you mean by ‘PhD candidate in neurosurgery’.. if you are a neurosurgery resident / neurosurgeon in your home country, try doing some fellowships and then if the hospital likes you, you can get hired etc without going through the residency process. I know some successful practicing (not basic science/administrative work) neurosurgeons who didn’t have residency training in this country. Good luck with your hunt!!